What's the penalty for missing the 1099 filing deadline?
Penalties scale with how late the filing is, ranging from tens to hundreds of dollars per form, and increase further if the IRS deems it intentional. Filing on time, even if incomplete, is usually better than not filing.
Do I need a W-9 if I paid a contractor under $600?
Collecting it upfront regardless of amount is the safer habit, since you often don't know at the start of a relationship whether total payments will cross $600 by year-end.
What actually makes someone an employee instead of a contractor?
Behavioral and financial control matter most: do you set their hours, direct how the work gets done, and provide the tools? The more control you exercise, the more likely they're legally an employee.
Is there a Canadian version of this checklist?
Yes — see the T4A Contractor Compliance Checklist (Canada), which covers CRA's T4A slip requirements instead of the US 1099-NEC.